Agarwood

known locally as lapnisan in the Philippines and gaharu elsewhere in Southeast Asia, forms as a dark, aromatic resinous heartwood in Aquilaria malaccensis trees when stressed by injury or infection.​

Formation Process

The tree responds to fungal attack, insects, or wounds by secreting resin as a defense, creating dense, fragrant clumps over years—unlike odorless normal heartwood. This premium material sinks in water due to high oil content (up to 25%), with quality graded by color, density, and scent intensity.​

Cultural and Market Value

Prized since ancient times in religious texts, agarwood fuels incense, perfumes, and medicines, serving Middle East, China, Europe, and US markets. Global chips demand hit $44 billion in 2023, with oils at $135 million, driving sustainable cultivation to bypass wild harvest bans.